Facilitative Managers and Leaders

When the concept of instructional manager first emerged in the late 1970s, managers were perceived as effective if they took charge of a organization by setting clear expectations, maintaining firm discipline, and implementing high standards. This view of manager was implicitly hierarchical, dependent on managers firmly exercising their authority to direct subordinates. Because organizations are not easily changed by simple prescriptions, researchers began searching for more sophisticated conceptions of manager. Influenced by developments in the private sector, they have increasingly focused their attention on "transformational" or "facilitative" models of manager that emphasize collaboration and empowerment