Flexible hydrogen production implementation in the French power system: Expected impacts at the French and European levels

In the future, the importance of hydrogen as an energy carrier could grow. Oil refining, injecting hydrogen into pipelines to decarbonize natural gas, or using hydrogen as a fuel are some of the possible applications. Combining hydrogen with CO2 to produce valuable products could also be a way to mitigate CO2 emissions. Besides, renewable energy development (mainly photovoltaic and wind) is one means of decarbonizing the European energy system. The fluctuating characteristic of these energies is independent from the level of electricity demand and can cause imbalance in the electric system.