Forecasting foreign exchange rates with adaptive neural networks using radial-basis functions and Particle Swarm Optimization

The motivation for this paper is to introduce a hybrid neural network architecture of Particle Swarm Optimization and Adaptive Radial Basis Function (ARBF–PSO), a time varying leverage trading strategy based on Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle (GJR) volatility forecasts and a neural network fitness function for financial forecasting purposes. This is done by benchmarking the ARBF–PSO results with those of three different neural networks architectures, a Nearest Neighbors algorithm (k-NN), an autoregressive moving average model (ARMA), a moving average convergence/divergence model (MACD) plus a naı¨ve strategy. More specifically, the trading and statistical performance of all models is investigated in a forecast simulation of the EUR/USD, EUR/GBP and EUR/JPY ECB exchange rate fixing time series over the period January 1999–March 2011 using the last 2years for out-of-sample testing.