How consumption carbon emission intensity varies across Spanish households

The prominence of emission mitigation policies calls for an understanding of their potential distributional impact. To assess the distributional heterogeneity, we quantify and analyse the consumption emission intensity, defined as carbon emissions per unit of consumption, across households in Spain. With the exception of the poorest households, emission intensity decreases with income and peaks for households whose head is middle-aged (40 years old). Moreover, households whose main earner is less educated and male emit more per unit of expenditure. Thus, emission mitigation policies may disproportionately impact middle-aged households whose income is around €1,000, and whose head is male and less educated