In Utero Exposure to Tap Water and Health in Middle Childhood

This study quantifies and explains the persistent effects of in utero exposure to tap water on middle-childhood health. We exploit the gradual adoption of tap water connections across villages under a rural drinking water program in China. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies, we find that tap water exposure in utero substantially increases height-for-age in middle childhood, especially for children born to less-educated mothers. The exposure also improves various health outcomes at birth, in early childhood, and in middle childhood. The potential channels include positive effects on health before age one and subsequent health investments by parents