Income and price elasticities of Macedonian export and import of goods: A panel approach

This paper uses a sectoral version of the conventional Imperfect substitutes model to motivate a parsimonious estimation of trade elasticities. The elasticities we compute depend directly on the specialization of trade across sectors, which is believed to add econometric precision to our estimates. On the other hand, estimates of income and price elasticities in the existing literature dealing with the case of North Macedonia are typically obtained from aggregate data, which tend to mitigate the importance of sectoral specialization. The basic assumption of the imperfect substitutes model is that neither imports, nor exports serve as perfect substitutes for domestic goods. Moreover, our import and export functions along with the income and price variables, consider some additional parameters as well, such as foreign direct investments and tariffs on imports. To this end, we were able to obtain theory-implied estimates of import and export income and price elasticities for North Macedonia - i.e. trade elasticities relevant to policy - and ultimately to calibration choices.