Lessons from France on the Regulation of Internet Pornography : How Displacement Effects, Circumvention, and Legislative Scope May Limit the Efficacy of Article 23

In 2020, the French Parliament passed an amendment that put the country at the forefront of attempts by democratic states to restrict young people’s access to legal online pornography. This study examines the necessity for and potential efficacy of the amendment through a comparative analysis of emerging legislative and regulatory approaches in France, the UK, Canada, Utah, and Germany, and through a survey of French 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds. Amongst other things, our survey shows that 41% of 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds in France visit dedicated pornographic sites, on average monthly and often much more frequently. However, the range of media platforms via which French adolescents are exposed to pornography, their knowledge about technologies that could circumvent age verification, and the power, scope, and implementation of Article 23 may limit its efficacy. Our findings suggest the mechanisms that may limit the legislation’s efficacy include media displacement, socio-technical circumvention, and the Article’s relatively broad and imprecise nature. This study has implications for legislators and regulators in democratic countries beyond France as they too grapple with the challenges of regulating online pornography. Furthermore, it extends the often contradictory and/or limited evidence that exists about adolescents’ consumption of pornography