Micro versus Macro Cointegration in Heterogeneous Panels

We consider the issue of cross-sectional aggregation in nonstationary and heterogeneous panels where each unit cointegrates. We derive asymptotic properties of the aggregate estimate, and necessary and su¢ cient conditions for cointegration to hold in the aggregate relationship. We then analyze the case when cointegration does not carry through the aggregation process, and we investigate whether the violation of the formal conditions for perfect aggregation can still lead to an aggregate equation that is observationally equivalent to a cointegrated relationship. We derive a measure of the degree of noncointegration of the aggregate relationship and we explore its asymp- totic properties. We propose a valid bootstrap approximation of the test. A Monte Carlo exercise evaluates size and power properties of the bootstrap test.