Modeling and Estimating Volatility of Options on Standard & Poor’s 500 Index

This paper explores the impact of volatility estimation methods on theoretical option values based upon the Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) model. Volatility is the only input used in the BSM model that cannot be observed in the market or a priori determined in a contract. Thus, properly calculating volatility is crucial. Two approaches to estimate volatility are implied volatility and historical prices. Iterative techniques are applied, based on daily S&P index options. Additionally, using option data on S&P 500 Index listed on the Chicago Board of Options Exchange, historical volatility can be estimated.