Non-parametric small area estimation using penalized spline regression

The paper proposes a small area estimation approach that combines small area random effects with a smooth, non-parametrically specified trend. By using penalized splines as the representation for the non-parametric trend, it is possible to express the non-parametric small area estimation problem as a mixed effect model regression. The resulting model is readily fitted by using existing model fitting approaches such as restricted maximum likelihood. We present theoretical results on the prediction mean-squared error of the estimator proposed and on likelihood ratio tests for random effects, and we propose a simple non-parametric bootstrap approach for model inference and estimation of the small area prediction mean-squared error. The applicability of the method is demonstrated on a survey of lakes in north-eastern USA. Copyright 2008 Royal Statistical Society.