Optimal Operation Strategy for the German Secondary Balancing Market Using Electric Vehicles

Many industrialized countries have shifted their focus to the use of renewable resources to combat climate change and air pollution. Owing to the emergence of renewable energy sources, ancillary services, such as balancing markets, are becoming increasingly critical. Therefore, in this study, we design a suitable scenario-based stochastic (architecture) model that is practical and efficient for participating in the secondary balancing market in Germany using electric vehicles. In addition, we propose a new framework for secondary balancing markets. Moreover, the proposed method maximizes the revenue of the aggregator by determining the optimal participation markets and capacity from among three candidate markets. We conduct a case study to compare and analyze actual market data to ensure that the method is efficient. The simulation results show that the aggregator's revenue from the proposed scheme is higher than that from other scenarios. Thus, we conclude that the model is applicable and follows the actual market rules