Royal Warrants in EU Law

This paper explores the tradition of awarding of royal warrants in monarchies in the EU. In order to determine the legality of awarding royal warrants, EU State aid law and national public law are analysed. The analysis shows that legal analysis of royal warrants rests on the public/private divide. It is analysed how national legal conceptualisation of the monarch fits in the EU State concept, encompassing all entities which may reasonably be said to act on behalf or under influence of the State. No hard conclusion can be drawn, but it is found that the monarch’s resources are State resources and that the awarding of royal warrants can be considered as imputable to the State. Further, royal warrants confer an economic advantage on beneficiaries, and the monarch does not (formally) receive any (market-like) remuneration. Thus, the award of a royal warrant grants State aid to the benefitting undertaking