Small planet in the vastness of space: Globalization and the proliferation of UFOs, aliens, and extraterrestrial threats to humanity

Globalization entails conceiving the world as a single social unit whose boundary encompasses the entire globe. Beyond the boundary lies the Outside, which becomes the object of increasing attention as globalization intensifies. Since the late 19th century, and above all since the mid-20th century, numerous forms of cultural production have arisen to fill the great void of the Outside, including astronomy and astrophysics - which helped demarcate the boundary initially - and a wide variety of imaginative cultural spheres: observer reports of UFO sightings; crop circle formations attributed to extraterrestrials; tales of alien abductions; books, films, newspaper articles, video games, and doctoral dissertations about alien life and alien invasions. I use yearly data regarding these types of cultural production during the recent period of intensifying globalization (mostly since the 1940s) to test four hypotheses about globalization and the Outside: (1) that such cultural production increases with globalization, (2) that it declines during major disruptions in world society, (3) that some forms of such cultural production may be fads that decline even as globalization intensifies, and (4) based on a Durkheimian argument, that cultural production regarding the nature of aliens in close encounters strongly favors humanoid forms. The results generally support the hypotheses, with most cultural production forms according with the first two hypotheses and only crop circle production displaying a faddish form.