State aid, industrial restructuring and privatization in the new German Länder: competition policy with case studies of the shipbuilding and synthetic fibres industries

This paper analyzes the effects of state aids in East Germany on European competition. We first discuss the specificity of post-socialist industrial restructuring in East Germany, which consisted of the enterprization of socialist combines into capitalist enterprises. Second, we review the economic rationale for state aids in the East German context by distinguishing between static and dynamic arguments. Third, we apply these theoretical arguments for state aid to two concrete case studies: shipbuilding and synthetic fibres. We conclude from a static point of view that state aids can not be justified in both cases: large capacities were added to already existing overcapacities in Europe. Considering dynamic arguments, we assess the likelihood that the industrial restructuring may lead to the creation of new East German enterprises that are at the leading edge of technology and with a high productivity. While the East German cases of state aid were a novelty for European competition policy, there might be important implications for other postsocialist countries (e.g. Poland, Hungary, Czech and Slovak Republic) once they join the EU.