Technical Change, Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Energy Consumption in the Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry 1973-2006

This study examines the historical relation between carbon dioxide emission and output growth in the Swedish pulp and paper industry 1973-2006. We find that the industry achieved an 80 per cent reduction in CO2 emission. Foremost energy substitution but also efficiently improvement contributed to the reduction. Growing prices of fossil fuel due to market price change and taxes and subvention, explains most of the efficiency improvements and substitution. Taxes on energy explain 40 per cent of the total reduction in CO2 intensity. Most of the reduction took place before the implementation of active climate policy in 1991