This Electronic Monograph is divided into ten chapters. The first chapter presents a general description of each chapter respectively. The second chapter introduces how developing Asia is facing the challenge of the aging population, as well as falling fertility. These twin phenomena now threaten the economic progress that the region has enjoyed the last few decades. However, its rising proportion of the elderly may come with the benefit of having a high saving rate that can be channelled to investments. This chapter discusses the ongoing demographic transition, population aging, demographic dividend, and how it will affect the economic prospects of developing Asia going forward. A sound approach to sustaining economic growth and providing economic security for the elderly would strike the right balance between assets and public transfers while promoting high rates of human capital investment through investing in physical capital and human capital coupled with technological innovation. The third chapter examines the evolution of social security research from a theoretical and empirical perspective. This is done through an extensive review and analysis of publications from the Journal of International Social Security Review published by Wiley within a 50-year period (1967-2017). It was observed that at a different period in time, the social security research focused on different national and international issues that invoked different social welfare programs and pension systems approach (public or private) to facilitate the explanation of its final socio-economic impact into different social groups in the same country or region respectively. The fourth chapter proposes a new model based on a group of indicators to evaluate the social security plans performance of ASEAN-members (Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines). The first section presents a general review of all possible indicators applies in the evaluation of social security plans performance. Secondly, we present a new indicator, “The Social Security Plans Performance Index (SSPP-Index)” is intended to offer policymakers and researchers an additional analytical tool to study the coverage, efficiency, effectiveness, trend, and future of any social security plan as a whole. The SSPP-Index can be applied to the study of any social security plan and not constrained by geographical area or development stage of the social security plan on the study. The SSPP-Index is a simple and flexible indicator. The third section summarizes the results on the ASEAN-Members social security plans performance under the application of the SSPP-Index. The fifth chapter shows how obesity can affect the productivity and social security of any country. In our case, we evaluate the specific case of Malaysia. The same research evaluates the obesity levels among the three largest races of Malaysia such as Malay, Indians, and Chinese. The main objective of this research is to evaluate if exist any relationship between obesity and productivity, then we try to probe through compare our new index and the growth in labor productivity. Hence, this new index is entitled “The National Obesity Behavior Index (NOB-Index).” The NOB-Index offers the possibility to evaluate and monitoring expansion or contraction of obesity on the national and regional level. In the same document is given a serial of recommendation and policies to solve this deep health problem in Malaysia. The sixth chapter proposes a list of crucial factors that can be considered as a template for universal retirement plan. Malaysia is used as the base of our modelling. Ten crucial factors that are identified to have direct or indirect effect on the retirement plan among the three largest races in Malaysia, namely the Malay, Indians, and Chinese are examined. The main objective of this research is to propose a new approach to evaluate the optimum age retirement for Malaysians in general. Hence, this new index is entitled “The Optimum Age Retirement Index (OAR-Index)”. Based on the findings, the study proposed that Malaysia would be well served to increase the retirement age of the country’s workforce and proposes a number of recommendations and policies to complement the retirement-age extension.The seventh chapter formulates an analytical framework to analyze whether pension growth can be a determinant of economic growth. The Pension Scheme Performance Evaluation Model (PSPE-Model) intends to study the performance of pension schemes from a macroeconomic perspective. The PSPE-Model tests whether the marginal optimum national pension system coverage critical point based on the national productivity growth performance is simultaneously determined by the efficient coordination of private and public pension system programs coverage and the national productivity level. The model investigates the marginal optimum national pension system coverage critical point of two Asian countries, Japan and Singapore.The eighth chapter explores how inflation and the exchange rate can affect the real value of any pension plan system in the long run. In our case, we focus on the specific pension plan system of the Employees Provident Fund (EPF). Nonetheless, we use a new model that is entitled “The EPF Real Value Box –EPFRV Box”. The EPFRV Box facilitates the graphical visualization of the inflation/exchange rate impact on the Employees Provident Fund (EPF). In essence, the EPFRV Box is applied to the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) of Malaysia to evaluate the impact of inflation and exchange rates on the Malaysian EPF real value from 1980 to 2030. Finally, the main objective is to apply the EPFRV Box to extend the significance of the impact of inflation and the exchange rate on any pension plan system (in this case EPF) beyond mere theory, using them as practical instruments to solve retirement and pensioner’s problems.The ninth chapter explores the concept of Pensionomics as a prospective tool for pension evaluation. This chapter suggests a paradigm shift: a multidisciplinary synthesis of differing perspectives in evaluating pension overall performance based on past work on pension evaluation, incorporating non-economic variables with significant impact on economic growth and social development. This chapter suggests a new analytical tool called “Pensions Consistency (PC) Index” that identifies the level of consistency as well as the strengths and weaknesses within any pension system. The new conceptual framework focuses on building inter-sectoral and holistic policies able to respond to the new multidimensional dynamic environment.The tenth chapter explores how inflation and the exchange rate can affect the real value of any pension plan system in the long run. In our case, we focus on the specific pension plan system of the Employees Provident Fund (EPF). Nonetheless, we use a new model that is entitled “The EPF Real Value Box –EPFRV Box”. The EPFRV Box facilitates the graphical visualization of the inflation/exchange rate impact on the Employees Provident Fund (EPF). In essence, the EPFRV Box is applied to the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) of Malaysia to evaluate the impact of inflation and exchange rates on the Malaysian EPF real value from 1980 to 2030. Finally, the main objective is to apply the EPFRV Box to extend the significance of the impact of inflation and the exchange rate on any pension plan system (in this case EPF) beyond mere theory, using them as practical instruments to solve retirement and pensioner’s problems. The ninth chapter formulates a comprehensive pension fund framework for enhancing system capacity to manage economic and social risks. The National Social Protection Fund (NSPF) attempts to quantify the informal sector, incorporated under a unified national protection scheme. The new protection mechanism consists of two sub-funds: The National Integral Social Security Fund (NISSF) and the National Education Fund (NEF). NISSF encompasses all economically active Malaysian population, including the informal workforce, whereas the NSPF captures the economically inactive young population. Simulation findings indicate that education, health, and income redistribution can improve the livelihood of the vulnerable population groups in Malaysia