The Proximity-Concentration Trade-Off under Goods Price and Exchange Rate Uncertainty

The underlying model combines the proximity-concentration trade-off framework with the real option approach. In contrast to the latest trade models, uncertainty is introduced as a continuous phenomenon. Furthermore, the model contains the innovation of comparing two option values simultaneously. The implementation of goods price uncertainty turns out to reduce the probability of entering a new market as an exporter. FDI becomes the optimal entry mode with increasing uncertainty. Additionally, the model is extended by implementing exchange rate uncertainty in a period of appreciation