The regulation of retailing -- lessons for developing countries

This review deals with the history of the regulation of retailing in developed countries and considers the lessons for developing countries in Asia Pacific. Developed countries have had a somewhat relaxed attitude to the build up of concentration in retailing, especially grocery retailing. Australia's experience provides an example. Once a high degree of concentration has been established, and with it considerable buyer and seller power by retail chains, significant policy problems have arisen. In developing countries, society is generally served by increasing the level of efficiency in the process of distribution. However, there comes a tipping point when retail chains reach a position of dominance with effects on competition. There are also other issues relating to the effect on local shops for both employment and access. Emerging regulation in several countries is considered. The difficulties experienced in developed countries need to be avoided.