The sustainability of tourism: Global comparative evidence

This study investigated the sustainability of global tourism in 163 countries for the period 2010 to 2015. Given the richness of the dataset, the data has been decomposed into 11 fundamental characteristics based on income levels, legal origins and openness to the sea. The empirical evidence was based on Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). Three main hypotheses were tested from which three broad findings were established. First, Hypothesis 1 is overwhelmingly valid because persistence in tourist arrivals is consistently an increasing function of income levels. Hypothesis 2 is not valid because French civil law countries are associated with comparatively higher levels of persistence in tourist arrivals. Hypothesis 3 is invalid because landlocked countries reflect higher levels of tourism persistence.