Trust, but verify : The economics of scams in initial coin offerings

Losses from frauds and financial scams are estimated to exceed U.S. $5 trillion annually. To study the economics of financial scams, we investigate the market for initial coin offerings (ICOs) using point-in-time data snapshots of 5935 ICOs. Our evidence indicates that ICO issuers strategically screen for naive investors by misrepresenting the characteristics of their offerings across listing websites. Misrepresented ICOs have higher scam risk, and misrepresentations are unlikely to reflect unintentional mistakes. Using on-chain analysis of Ethereum wallets, we find that less sophisticated investors are more likely to invest in misrepresented ICOs. We estimate that 40% of ICOs (U.S. $12 billion) in our sample are scams. Overall, our findings uncover how screening strategies are used in financial scams and reinforce the importance of conducting due diligence