Types of Difficulties in Internationalization and their Consequences

We extend the literature on the difficulties of internationalization by discussing their types and specific consequences associated with each type. The types of difficulties can be separated into three main groups based on their cause and specificity: the inabilities to transfer advantage and to create value, the disadvantages of transfer and of foreignness, and the liabilities of expansion, newness, foreignness, and infrastructure. We discuss how each type has specific consequences associated with it, and suggest strategies for identifying them