We take an inductive approach to understanding the aftermath of crises, namely, the process by which organizations come to be viewed as morally accountable (or not) for such events. We studied the transcripts of the 2009 Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) that investigated the global...

Scholars have long recognized that elections, by themselves, are not enough to ensure the vitality of democratic governance (e.g., Dahl 1971). Sham elections in authoritarian states throughout the world (e.g., Cuba, Iraq) illustrate that Madison’s claim that frequent elections are essential,...