Soviet Union (FSU) states as a pillar of the new middle-class stratum. This study explored middle-class entrepreneurship from … subsistence, not as a means of advancement in the social stratum. In general, an entrepreneur of the middle class in the new … economies of the post-Soviet space does not demonstrate a high level of entrepreneurial activity and, as a pillar of the middle-class …

development of the middle class. Specifically, it investigates how the middle class in Iran would have developed in the absence of … significant international sanctions. By comparing the middle-class size of this counterfactual Iran with the actual Iran that … faced major economic sanctions, our results indicate that the annual middle-class size would have been approximately 11 …