of the game by concluding the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement with 11 countries. To make it reality, the ratification … is essential. In the battle for ratification in the US, declining globalism confronts rising protectionism. This paper … models the ratification process as contest between globalism and protectionism, and analyzes the optimal timing for …

ratification behavior of ASEAN states in an attempt to find out what are interests and preferences of ASEAN states in terms of … instruments that ASEAN states sign/accede to. Furthermore, I will demonstrate that treaty ratification behavior of ASEAN states is …

on the political cycles theory we argue that leaders have incentives to delay costly ratification of international …-electoral period. These hypotheses are empirically assessed by studying the ratification process of 48 global environmental agreements … investigation reveals the existence of political ratification cycles that are of substantial magnitude and non-linear over the pre …

on the political cycles theory we argue that leaders have incentives to delay costly ratification of international …-electoral period. These hypotheses are empirically assessed by studying the ratification process of 48 global environmental agreements … investigation reveals the existence of political ratification cycles that are of substantial magnitude and non-linear over the pre …

In this paper we analyze how ratification uncertainty impacts the optimal terms of international environmental … agreements (IEAs). We relax the frequent assumption of countries as unitary actors by modeling the ratification stage through … on two-level games of ratification. We find that ratification uncertainty reduces both the strength of the commitment as …

164 countries for the period from 1998 to 2009. We find evidence that, while countries' ratification decisions are … originally strategic substitutes, they became strategic complements when we focus on the ratification decisions of specific peers. …