This paper estimates the effect of a full year of the COVID-19 pandemic on school performance, focusing on students at …-in-differences models to analyse the performance of two cohorts of students in Italy: a cohort that has never been exposed to the pandemic … and a cohort that graduated in 2021. We find that the pandemic had a huge negative impact on students' performance in …

level learning assessment, involving children in selected grades from second to tenth. We first analyse the magnitude of the … the average gap increases with children's age. We then study the gender gap throughout the test scores distribution, using … distribution, but large among top performing children. Finally, we estimate dynamic models relating math performance at two …