are consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors …

difference-in-difference approach using administrative panel data on over 54,000 course grades of local students enrolled at … Maastricht University before and during the partial cannabis prohibition.We find that the academic performance of students who … are no longer legally permitted to buy cannabis increases substantially. Grade improvements are driven by younger students …

Without a school degree, students can have difficulty in the labor market. To improve the lives of upper …-secondary school dropouts, German states instituted a school reform that awarded an interim degree to high-track students upon …-track completion, university entrance rates, and later income, arguably by reducing the perceived risk of trying longer in the high …

This paper studies how a student’s ordinal rank in a peer group affects performance and specialisation choices in … university. By exploiting data with repeated random assignment of students to teaching sections, we find that a higher rank …: improvements in rank raise performance, while decreases in rank have no effect. Rank effects partially operate through students …

- on school performance. We combine data from the National Educational Panel Study covering 5348 primary school students …

-- on children's long-term life satisfaction. The historical setting under study, namely the former German Democratic …