are consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors …

This paper studies how a student’s ordinal rank in a peer group affects performance and specialisation choices in … university. By exploiting data with repeated random assignment of students to teaching sections, we find that a higher rank …: improvements in rank raise performance, while decreases in rank have no effect. Rank effects partially operate through students …

- on school performance. We combine data from the National Educational Panel Study covering 5348 primary school students …