are consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors …

’s degrees. We use individual fixed effects models on the matched sample of students and non-students from Finland to capture any …

administrative records on for-profit school and community college attendance with quarterly earnings data for over 400,000 students … schooling by 20-29 percent for students attending for-profit schools and 16-27 percent for students attending community colleges … and community colleges. Finally, we present evidence showing that students in for-profit schools and community colleges …

- on school performance. We combine data from the National Educational Panel Study covering 5348 primary school students …