Numerous countries require teachers to assign comportment grades rating students' social and work behavior in the … comportment grading across German federal states to estimate its causal effect on students' school-to-work transitions as well as … consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors. …

are consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors …

- on school performance. We combine data from the National Educational Panel Study covering 5348 primary school students …

- on school performance. We combine data from the National Educational Panel Study covering 5771 primary school students …