causing debates about disadvantages for male students. Using administrative panel data on the universe of students, teachers …' effects on students' tracking outcomes. Germany tracks students at age 10 into more or less academic school types. I find … recommendations or school choice. Even when following students into middle school, no effects of elementary-school teacher gender on …

We use administrative panel data on about a quarter of a million students in the German state of Hesse to estimate the … quasi-random assignment of students to different class sizes based on maximum class size rules. In Germany, students are … actual choice to attend the more academic middle school type. For male students, we find that an increase in class size by 10 …