, management quality in public schools is low, and ~2σ below high-income countries with comparable data. Second, private schools …

significantly improved teacher satisfaction with their income, reduced the incidence of teachers holding outside jobs, and reduced … those of a model where effort on pro-social tasks is a normal good with a positive income elasticity, we find that large …

years, students in schools with an extra contract teacher performed significantly better than those in comparison schools by …

We use a panel survey of ~19,000 primary-school-aged children in rural Tamil Nadu to study 'learning loss' after COVID …-19-induced school closures, and the pace of recovery after schools reopened. Students tested in December 2021 (18 months … language compared to identically-aged students in the same villages in 2019. Two-thirds of this deficit was made up within 6 …