-performing third grade students in Colombia, to study whether providing educational support to low-achieving students affects the … academic performance of their higher-achieving classmates. We find that the test scores of non-treated children in treatment … schools increased by 0.108 of a standard deviation compared to similar children in control schools. We interpret the reduced …

-performing third grade students in Colombia, to study whether providing educational support to low-achieving students affects the … academic performance of their higher-achieving classmates. We find that the test scores of non-treated children in treatment … schools increased by 0.108 of a standard deviation compared to similar children in control schools. We interpret the reduced …

-achieving students and no significant effects among low achievers. Students in top tracking enjoyed multiple advantages, particularly a … concentration of high-performing peers and a very homogeneous classroom, that facilitated the teacher's work and increased students …' effort l evels. Bimodal classes fostered greater effort levels among top students, while teachers induced less competition …