How much young children should be tested and graded is a highly contentious issue in education policy. Opponents … redeeming impact on educational performance. Others see early testing of children as a necessary instrument for identifying … children. In practice, there is large crosscountry variation in testing regimes. We exploit random variation in test-taking in …

Immigrants change the school environment. A focus has been on negative spillovers on native students' educational … foreign language acquisition focusing on Norway. In Norway all students are taught, and are assessed, in English from an early … age. We demonstrate that exposure to native English-speaking peers increase Norwegian students' English language skills …

. These negative effects are concentrated on students at most risk of underperformance, boys and children from lower educated … refugee children on the test score performance of their native school children classmates. These effects are simply not … present for other immigrants, and stem primarily from refugee children who themselves are most at risk of low performance …

How does welfare affect the prosperity of mothers and their children? We study this question using a Canadian welfare … reform and by linking administrative welfare records to tax returns, nearly all medical spending, and children's educational … attainment. Eighty percent of mothers in the complier group found employment within a year, and for many, total income rose …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …