This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills … investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identification of a general class of production … targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in …

-achieving students. The reduction in learning time was not larger for children from lower-educated parents, but it was larger for boys … collect detailed time-use information on students before and during the school closures in a survey of 1,099 parents in … argue that low-achieving students may be particularly affected by the lack of educator support during school closures. We …

importance of credit constraints in forming skills is examined. There is little support for the claim that untargeted income … will better capture the active role of the emerging autonomous child in learning and responding to the actions of parents …

outcomes (including children's own expected lifetime resources and education) than the income measures traditionally used in … of lifetime resources (income and wealth) motivated by economic theory that account for generational differences in life … wage income and disposable income measured over narrow windows of age that are used to proxy lifetime wealth. The …

and students' cognitive and socio-emotional development. The German panel evidence shows that children's learning time …If school closures and social-distancing experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic impeded children's skill development …, they may leave a lasting legacy in human capital. To understand the pandemic's effects on school children, this paper …

. France and Flemish Belgium achieve the most equitable performance for students from different family backgrounds, and Britain …