This paper shows that there are large differences in cognitive and socio-emotional development between children from … rich and poor backgrounds at the age of 3, and that this gap widens by the age of 5. Children from poor backgrounds also … face much less advantageous "early childhood caring environments" than children from better off families. For example we …

outcomes for students in Lower Track Secondary Schools in Germany. We find mostly insignificant effects of the treatment on … average outcomes, which mask quite heterogeneous effects. For those students, who are taking extra cursework to continue …. In contrast, educational outcomes improve for students who do not take extra coursework. Hence, the treatment causes a …

outcomes for students in Lower Track Secondary Schools in Germany. We find mostly insignificant effects of the treatment on … average outcomes, which mask quite heterogeneous effects. For those students, who are taking extra cursework to continue …. In contrast, educational outcomes improve for students who do not take extra coursework. Hence, the treatment causes a …

Children born at the end of the academic year have lower educational attainment, on average, than those born at the …