the total test measurement error that can be applied when one or more cohorts of students take three or more tests in the …

one or more cohorts of students take three or more tests in the subject of interest (e.g., state assessments in three …

better at graduating more-prepared students while other institutions are better at graduating less-prepared students and that … 209 led to a more efficient sorting of minority students, explaining 18% of the graduation rate increase in our preferred … specification. Further, there appears to have been behavioral responses to Prop 209, by universities and/or students, that explain …