scores, and sizable effects on college attendance and enrollment at more selective institutions, in particular for low-income … children. Our findings suggest that parental time investments are neutral to early skills gaps, while monetary investments are …

benefits from exposure to "privileged" peers accrue mainly to "disadvantaged" students. These benefits decline when the …

effect of return migrant parents on once-left-behind children's performance. This empirical strategy allows us to avoid the … parents may improve children's school performance. One is that children spend more time studying following migrant parents …' return. The other is that return migrant parents spend more on their children's education. We also find evidence suggesting …

development and socio-economic development gaps. For children born before January 1, 2007, parental leave benefits were means …-tested and paid for up to 24 months after childbirth. For children born thereafter, parental leave benefits were earnings …-related and only paid for up to 14 months. Higher-income households benefited more from the reform than low-income households. We …