This paper highlights the employment patterns of China’s over-45 population and, for perspective, places them in the … context of work and retirement patterns in Indonesia, Korea, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As is common in many … developing countries, China can be characterized as having two retirement systems: a formal system, under which urban employees …

Danish reform. We separately identify the effect of aid from that of other observed and unobserved variables such as parental … income. We exploit the combination of a kinked aid scheme and a reform of the student aid scheme to identify the effect of …

local crime rates. We assess the effects of a recent reform in California that caused a sharp and permanent reduction in the … state's incarceration rate. We exploit the large variation across California counties in the effect of this reform on county …

aggregate productivity growth during the socialist and reform periods in six transition economies. Modifying a standard … observed in market economies. Early in transition, faster reform is associated with larger contributions from reallocation, but …