How and whether judges should be held accountable is a key issue in the design of a legalsystem. Thirty-seven of the forty-eight continental states use some method of judicial selectionwhich involves a direct role for citizens in selecting or re-appointing the judiciary. We identifytwo...

The European Social Survey data are used to analyze informal employment at the main jobin 30 countries. Overall, informality decreases from South to West to East to North. However,dependent work without contract is more prevalent in Eastern Europe than in the West,except for Ireland, the UK and...

This paper sets out an overarching theoretical framework for explaining andexploring the processes of social exclusion, incorporating themes from theliterature. It proposes that inclusion hinges on participation in socialrelationships enacted through ‘transactional processes’, where...

We use monthly personnel records of a large German company to analyse the gender wage gap (GWG). Main findings are: (1) the unconditional GWG is 15 percent for blue-collar and 26 percent for white-collar workers; (2) conditional on tenure, entry age, schooling, and working hours, the GWG is 13...

Using a two stage correspondence test methodology, this study tests employer priors against job-applicants with Arabic names compared to job-applicants with Swedish names. In the first stage, employers are sent CVs of equal observable quality. Thereafter, in the second stage, the CVs with Arabic...

In 1958 Jacob Mincer pioneered an important approach to understand how earnings aredistributed across the population. In the years since Mincer’s seminal work, he as well as hisstudents and colleagues extended the original human capital model, reaching importantconclusions about a whole array...

In this paper I examine changes in self-employment that have occurred since the early 1980sin the United States. It is a companion paper to a recent equivalent paper relating to the UK.Data on random samples of twenty million US workers are examined taken from the BasicMonthly files of the CPS...

In this paper we empirically examine differences in search behavior between men andwomen. We assess hypotheses regarding duration of search, wages and tenure. Thehypotheses are derived from two models: the equilibrium search model with discriminatoryfirms by Black (1995) and an opportunity cost...

Carefully-matched pairs of written job applications were made to test for age discrimination inhiring. A twenty-one year-old and a thirty-nine year-old woman applied for jobs where a newgraduate was sought; men aged twenty-seven and forty-seven, inquired about employmentas waiters; women aged...

This study presents a new field experimental approach for measuring age discrimination in hiring. In addition to the classical approach in which candidates' ages are randomly assigned within pairs of fictitious resumes that are sent to real vacancies, we randomly assign activities undertaken by...