The counterfactuals researchers commonly use to assess the substantive significance of linear fixed effects regression results do not account for the manner in which these models are estimated. Importantly, including fixed effects in a regression means that the model is estimated based on the...

While partisan cues tend to dominate political choice, prior work shows that competing information can mute the effects of partisanship if it relates to salient political issues. But what are the limits of partisan loyalty? How much electoral leeway do co-partisan candidates have to deviate from...