Variations in MNEs' competitive positions across countries are prevalent phenomena in the business landscape, but are not fully explained by MNE theory. Building on competition theories and applying them to the context of the MNE, we hypothesize that the value of MNEs' assets varies in relation...

By virtue of their participation in multiple competitive settings, MNEs confront competitors with different attributes and in different locations, creating variations that pose different competitive challenges. We classify MNE competitors by their nationality, geographic scope, and location, and...

A recent conceptualization of the structure of attitudes proposes that people may hold associations that contribute to their personal attitudes about an object (personal associations) but also highly salient associations that do not contribute to their attitudes toward the object (extrapersonal...