Public policies often target individuals but within-family externalities of such interventions are understudied. Using … a regression discontinuity design, we document how a third grade retention policy affects both the target children and … their younger siblings. The policy improves test scores of both children while the spillover is up to 30% of the target …

The nineteenth-century American family experienced tremendous demographic, economic, and institutional changes. By … using birth order effects as a proxy for family environment, and linked census data on men born between 1835 and 1910, we … study how the family's role in human capital production evolved over this period. We find firstborn premiums for …

show that a policy targeting additional health resources for the young children of adults diagnosed with mental health …