Immigrants are widely perceived to be highly entrepreneurial, contributing to economic growth and innovation, and self-employment … these stances, but expectations may be too high. There is no strong evidence that self-employment is an effective tool of …

entrepreneurship, using data on start-ups and venture capital (VC). It looks at academic start-ups founded by recent undergraduates and … doctorate students or researchers. It shows that academic start-ups represent 15% of all start-ups in the specific sample under … countries and technology fields, start-ups created by undergraduate students represent the highest share of all academic start-ups …

productivity. Given the links between labor productivity and wages, a likely implication of this positive relationship is that … innovation is associated with higher wages of more productive firms. This paper explores the relationship between innovation and … wages using Brazil's employer-employee census and a novel measure of innovation derived from the share of technical and …