disadvantaged youth who, in their formative years, face low-quality school systems, poor access to health care, and high …-crime environments. The Problems of Disadvantaged Youth includes a broad range of research examining various aspects of disadvantage, and … economics perspective, the nine essays in this volume assess the causal impacts of disadvantage on youth outcomes, and how …

The causal effects of fertility are a central focus in the social sciences, but the analysis is challenged by the … endogeneity of fertility choices. Earlier work has proposed several "natural experiments" from twin births or gender composition … rare (twins) and weak (gender composition) instrumental variables for fertility. This paper proposes a new "natural …