Population policies are defined here as voluntary programs which help people control their fertility and expect to … improve their lives. There are few studies of the long-run effects of policy-induced changes in fertility on the welfare of … contraception or age-specific fertility. The dearth of long-run family planning experiments has led economists to consider …

interventions; (3) the conditions affecting fertility, family time allocation, and human capital investments; and (4) the …

The causal effects of fertility are a central focus in the social sciences, but the analysis is challenged by the … endogeneity of fertility choices. Earlier work has proposed several "natural experiments" from twin births or gender composition … rare (twins) and weak (gender composition) instrumental variables for fertility. This paper proposes a new "natural …

Early fertility is a key barrier to female human capital attainment in sub-Saharan Africa, yet contraceptive take …