-2000 period. Our main conclusion is that race, rather than political institutions and education policies, is the main force …We investigate the long term determinants of political and economic outcomes over a new data set composed of … 1950s. Finally, we turn to the determinants of a broad array of development indicators for the year 1960 and for the 1960 …

market access. It suggests that the benefits of Empire were unevenly distributed. It shows that the main incidence of … colonial rule was to create financial incentives to adopt development policies that encouraged government spending. …

We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining income levels around the … world, using recently developed instruments for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of … institutions 'trumps' everything else. Once institutions are controlled for, measures of geography have at best weak direct effects …

We construct a simple model where political elites may block technological and institutional development, because of a … replaced. Fearing replacement, political elites are unwilling to initiate change, and may even block economic development. We … show that elites are unlikely to block development when there is a high degree of political competition, or when they are …

by analyzing a panel dataset covering the 1940-2000 period at the state level. Consistently with our previous findings …

-specific pre-colonial institutions in shaping comparative regional development in Africa. We utilize information on the spatial … we document a positive cross-sectional association between national institutions and regional economic development … proxied by tribal pre-colonial political institutions and class stratification exert even today a significant effect on …

We investigate the role of national institutions on regional development in a novel framework. We exploit the fact that … correlation between formal national institutions and economic development has to be carefully interpreted. … the arbitrary political boundaries in the eve of African independence partitioned more than two hundred ethnic groups …

We investigate the role of deeply-rooted pre-colonial ethnic institutions in shaping comparative regional development … association between pre-colonial ethnic political centralization and regional development. This pattern is not driven by … positive association between pre-colonial political complexity and contemporary development also holds within pairs of adjacent …

-country analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between pre-colonial political centralization and contemporary development (and …We examine the link between pre-colonial statehood and contemporary regional African development, as reflected in …-colonial political organization. …