This Paper examines the disincentive effects of perceived underpayment on individuals’ exerted effort and promotion. To … promotion, the difference between perceived and actual income has a smaller negative effect on the actual effort invested in …

profitability (productivity) of their team and of the promotion-seeking efforts of their employees. Our first main result clarifies … then examine the effect of the employees' productivity on their probability of promotion and on the extent of the resources … candidate for promotion) is less likely to be promoted and the conditions under which higher employee's productivity results in …

explained by the differing average characteristics of male and female academics and barriers to female promotion. Preliminary … analysis reveals that the crowding of women onto the lower rungs of academia is a strong determinant of their lower average … salary. This effect should be transitory as young women, now entering the profession, move up its ranks. We construct a rank …

conventional view that 'glass ceilings' limit the promotion of women. They are consistent with our new 'sticky floors' model of …According to surprising raw data from the British Household Panel Survey, full-time women are more likely than men to … be promoted. Controlling for observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity, we find that women are promoted at roughly …

discretion which allows an immediate advancement of their cause and promotion discretion ("patronage") which allows a biasing of … the promotion decision in favour of the juniors from their group. We consider two possible goals of the principal …

-2009, we find a positive correlation between promotion and growth that is robustly stronger for connected provincial leaders … political selection process. Auxiliary evidence suggests that the documented promotion pattern does not distort the allocation …

may lead to women meeting tougher promotion standards than men. If employers expect women to do more household work than … men and by that exert less effort in the paid job, the more talented she must be to make promotion profitable. Moreover …, specialization in the family will then make women do most of the household work. Such self-fulfilling prophecies can be broken: Both …