incentives and rewardsto promote student learning. Higher standards canincrease the effectiveness of school-leaving policies … academic achievement, rather thanage alone, would become the prerequisite for droppingout of school. Similarly, reductions in …

sustaining social exclusion. Testscores at school are the most effective predictor of many adult outcomes.School attendance and … thatcombinations of social disadvantage powerfully affect school performancewith up to 75% of school variation in 16 year old … attainment at GCSEassociated with pupil intake factors. But school factors can raise attainmentby up to 14 GCSE points for …

compare patterns of segregation across nineethnic groups, and across Local Education Authorities in England. Looking atboth … across England. We findconsistently higher segregation for South Asian pupils than for Black pupils.For most ethnic groups … children are more segregated at school than in theirneighbourhood. We analyse the relative degree of segregation and show …

Both educational attainment and school quality are typically lower indisadvantaged areas than others and much recent … ways that are not reflected by the usualindicators of disadvantage. School managers respond by adapting … quality. The paper argues thatbecause school processes and quality are affected by context, schoolimprovement in disadvantaged …

-income parents can invest inmore (and better) education for their children, in a mannerthat low-income parents cannot, due to credit …