Pastoral farming can result in adverse environmental effects such as nitrogen leaching and greenhouse gas emissions … how efficiently nitrogen leaching and greenhouse gas are used to generate production. We interpret this distribution as a … existing best practice. We can explain only 48% percent of the OVERSEER-modelled variation in New Zealand dairy farms’ nitrogen …

, sheep, beef, plantation forestry, and indigenous forests; and for three greenhouse gases: methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon …

Hendy and Kerr (2005b) find that an emissions charge on agricultural methane and nitrous oxide of $25 per tonne of …