the CPS, we describe trends in parents' employment and leave-taking after birth of a newborn and analyze the extent to … these expansions are correlated with employment and leave-taking for both mothers and fathers over this period. Our main … finding is that leave expansions have increased the amount of time that new mothers and fathers spend on leave, with effects …

in earnings is due to children. The arrival of children creates a gender gap in earnings of around 20% in the long run … explanation for the persistence of child penalties, we show that they are transmitted through generations, from parents to …

Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after … family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we … estimate three earning gaps: the "motherhood penalty," the "price of being female," and the "fatherhood premium." When added …

on mothers and children compared to HCA. Our findings suggest that shifting child care from the home to the market …We study the impacts of a policy designed to reward mothers who stay at home rather than join the labor force when … their children are under age three. We use regional and over time variation to show that the Finnish Home Care Allowance …

's employment during her children's childhood has an asymmetric effect on the educational achievement of her own sons and daughters … production for boys is more adversely affected by a decrease in the mother's time input as a result of increasing employment … about the implications of these asymmetric effects on the mothers' labor supply decisions and find supporting evidence in …

maternal employment has a positive effect on children's academic performance in all specifications, particularly when women … contexts, and which finds no or a small negative effect of maternal employment on children's cognitive development and academic …Using a Danish data set that follows 135,000 Danish children from birth through 9th grade, we examine the effect of …

will better capture the active role of the emerging autonomous child in learning and responding to the actions of parents …

This paper provides evidence on child penalties in female and male earnings in different countries. The estimates are … analysis reveals some striking similarities in the qualitative effects of children across countries, but also sharp differences …

Why is invention strongly positively correlated with parental income not only in the US but also in Finland which … displays low income inequality and high social mobility? Using data on 1.45M Finnish individuals and their parents, we find … controlling for parental education; (ii) instrumenting for the parents having a MSc-degree using distance to nearest university …

of children, suggesting a potential role for family-friendly policies. We provide new evidence on employer provision of …